III. The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）

　　宪章运动（1836-1848）

　　1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.

　　议会改革的原因

　　（1） Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.

　　权力由贵族操纵。

　　（2） Representation of town and country， and North and South was unfair.

　　城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表权极不平等。

　　（3） There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.

　　还有各种称之为衰败或口袋选区的选区。.

　　2.Three Reform Bills.

　　三个改革法案.

　　Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.

　　1832年至1884年间通过了三个改革法案。.

　　a） The Reform Act of 1832 （also called the “Greater Charter of 1832） abolished ”rotten boroughs“， and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenant‘s， based on the value of their property..

　　1832年的《改革法案》（也称为1832年的大宪章）废除了“衰败选区”；在新兴城镇中较为公平地重新分配了议席；以财产价值为基础给予许多屋主和佃家。

　　b） The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.

　　1834年的新贫困法强迫穷人进工厂，而没有给他们足够的钱在自己的家里生存。

　　3.A People‘s Charter.

　　人民宪章.

　　There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836， a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men‘s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands （a People’s Charter） in 1838， with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points： （1）the vote for all adult males； （2）voting by secret ballot； （3）equal electoral districts； （4）abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament； （5）payment of members of Parliament； （6）annual Parliaments， with a General Election every June.

　　1832年的《改革法案》和《新贫困法》引起了普遍不满。1836年，一群技术工人和小店主组成伦敦工厂联盟。他们于1838年起草了有关政治要求的宪章（人民宪章），想把它呈送给议会。宪章有六点内容：（1）所有成年男子都有选举权；（2）进行无记名投票；（3）平等

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